The Relationship between Poverty and Crime - 879 Words

Introduction Poverty and the relationship it has to crime is a long standing sociological, humanists and historical phenomenon. From the plight of the third world to the violence soaked inner city streets of the 1980’s, the relationship of crime and poverty has been the source of a great deal of social commentary. In societies throughout the world and throughout history there has always been a traditional measure of deviance through relative income gaps. Both poverty and crime as well as their connections are heavily weighed topics of political and social discourse. Opinions in these areas contain a great deal of variance. The prejudices of the old guard from the professional police era still utilize association with poverty as a measuring stick for social deviance. Meanwhile, intelligent social science continues to give insight to factors such as social disorganization, socialization into violence, as well as, the far reaching impact political, economic and justice based policies have on those in poverty. As a society the United States of America as well as, other tier one nations have been able to effectively deal with such things as looming national economic meltdown, international terrorism and other sources of great social discontent. Yet, not one of these nations has been able to undergo the effective complete removal of the plight of poverty and the problems associated in socially disorganized (poverty stricken) areas. This is why here in the 21st century thereShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Poverty And Crime Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The relationship between poverty and crime will be examined in this literature review. The topic is interesting because there is a relationship between poverty and crime. Society uses a system that separates people by social class. Social class is determined by the total amount of income and wealth that a person has. According to Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner (2013), a person’s living expenses and needs are not met due to the lack of proper wages would be considered living in poverty; the yearRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculateRead MoreIs There A Strong Relationship Between Poverty And Juvenile Delinquency?1655 Words   |  7 PagesFeldbauer Is There a Strong Relationship Between Poverty and Juvenile Delinquency? There is a lot of research in the world on whether or not poverty and juvenile delinquency are correlated. Of what I’ve seen, the studies suggest that there is, in fact, a relationship between them. Poverty is a serious issue, and it not only affects the people living in poverty, but it also affects the people around poverty-ridden neighborhoods. This study will address the issue of poverty on juveniles. MoreoverRead MorePoverty Is The Main Reason For Crime Rates Accelerating?1353 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many issues in society that can be tied into one another. Poverty alone is a major issue worldwide just as well as crime. So what happens when these two are tied in with each other? Is poverty the main reason for crime rates accelerating? According to Aristotle, poverty is the parent of crime. It seems to be so common in society for criminals to be the minority that it is rather surprising when they find out a criminal is not a part of the minority. Minorities o ften, but not always, includeRead MoreThe Effects Of Unemployment On Crime Rates1724 Words   |  7 PagesUnemployment on Crime Rates Introduction Crime and poverty often seem to go hand in hand in the modern world, or so is the perception. With poverty rates edging higher this is even more important in our modern day. The unemployment rate is one of the key indicators of the health of our economy. The standard of living for most people falls greatly once they have reached the poverty rate, which makes people live nervously, frantically, and gives greater incentive for them to commit a crime possibly justRead MorePoverty, Social Disorganization And Their Effects On Crime Rates1444 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1 Poverty, Social Disorganization and Their Effects on Crime Rates SOC1A06 Professor Sandra Colavecchia Joseph Murray 400016517 Tuesday, October 20th 2015Part B Article 1 Hannon, L. (2002). Criminal opportunity theory and the relationship between poverty and property crime. Sociological Spectrum, 22(3), 363-381. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170290062676 Hannon, Analyzes the level of poverty present in neighbourhoods in Austin, Texas and Seattle, Washington and the rates ofRead MoreDetermining The Main Cause Of Criminal Behavior1569 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetic makeup what makes a criminal or is it the environment? Crime can be defined in many different ways; different societies all over the world choose to define crimes differently. Poverty and crime have a very close relationship. The UN and the / World Bank have crime listed as one of the obstacles to tackle a country’s development. Countries and governments that are dealing with poverty often also have to tackle the issue of crime as they try to develop their country’s economy and society. ARead MoreFeminist Theories1008 Words   |  5 PagesOutline and assess Feminist explanations of the relationship between gender and crime. (50 marks) Gender is on the agenda† wrote Francis Heidensohn (1989) Feminist definition of crime is that â€Å"crime is politically informed and linked to particular interests†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ of men. Before feminism, women were invisible in sociological research, this meant that explanations for female recidivism saw, female crime as a ’special case’ resulting from sexual promiscuity and biological deviance. Biological explanationsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Poor People and Poor Places Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Relationship Between Poor People and Poor Places Poverty is seen as a group of different kinds of deprivation. These forms of deprivation are patterned by a series of urban processes, which lead to greater concentration of problems in particular places. The area affects poor people, because the experience of living in a poor area can make people more vulnerable to poverty. People living in poor areas are disadvantaged in their experiences andRead MoreThe Effects Of All Types Of Stimuli On Teenagers Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesinto such Deviance Behavior? When a Youth commits a serious crime, the first responses generally fall into three categories: Call the Police to make an arrest Complaints that the City Government is not doing enough to protect the public Questions about what caused the perpetrator to go do wrong Youth poverty, not youth biology is the most to blame for youth crime. Also their environment. Within every race and community youths suffer-poverty rated two to three times higher than older adults do. It is

Steve Jobs Leadership Free Essays

Some would say that Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Computers Inc. , was an exceptional leader. However, there are many who would disagree with that statement. We will write a custom essay sample on Steve Jobs Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jobs could define leadership in some aspects, yet he fell short in others. Jobs’ leadership style is difficult to pin down because his position fit very many styles. Steve Jobs co-founded Apple in 1976 and in 1984 he created the Macintosh, the first small computer with a graphic interface. Unfortunately in 1985 Jobs was forced to leave after an internal power struggle with the companies CEO. Jobs later returned to a struggling Apple after 12 years and turned the company around. During the 12 years he was away, Steve Jobs created successful companies such as Pixar and NeXT. Pixar was acquired by Disney and NeXT was acquired by Apple Computers upon Jobs’ return. Jobs created such technological staples as the Ipad, Ipod, and Iphone. Steve Jobs was also known for his excellent speeches and captivating his audience. Unfortunately in 2011, Steve Jobs lost a long battle to pancreatic cancer. The characteristics of a superior leader are not hard to identify. Drive, integrity, self-confidence, and knowledge of business are characteristics of an exceptional leader. All of the above described Steve Jobs. Jobs was a very driven man, not for money, or power. Jobs believed that power is a necessity for what actually drove him: achievement itself. Jobs’ persistence was shown even more after leaving Apple. Steve could have spent his life dwelling over his loss, but instead he created two new, very successful companies. Maybe this drive is why Forbes named Jobs 2007’s most powerful person in business. Integrity was important to Jobs; his drive would push him to live up to what he promised. At times, following through with his promise would not always come out in the â€Å"nicest† way. Jobs was known to be difficult to get along with, especially in team meetings. Steve Jobs’ self-confidence was over flowing and considered arrogant by some, but he always believed in what he was trying to accomplish. Jobs’ knowledge of his business was extraordinary, revolutionizing technology at every turn. One of Jobs’ greatest quotes on leadership is â€Å"Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower† (Jobs, 2006). Steve Jobs’ leadership style is very difficult to clearly identify. Jobs’ characteristics and traits sporadically fit into different leadership styles. Jobs would be classified as an autocratic leader, he tells people what to do, asserting themselves, and serving as a model team member. Jobs was definitely not a democratic leader, it has been said that Jobs hated team meetings and was rather rude when employees spoke their mind. Steve Jobs could also be classified as entrepreneurial, despite the fact that he is a multibillionaire, his work ethic never changed. Andrew Dubrin defines an entrepreneur as â€Å"someone with a strong will for achievement and a sensible risk taking, high degree of enthusiasm, tendency to act quickly on opportunity, being impatient, visionary, amongst others† (Dubrin, 2010). Dubrin’s definition describes Steve Jobs to a tee. A transformational leader is one who â€Å"brings about major, positive change for the group, organization or society† (Dubrin, 2010). Jobs’ leadership showed many similarities to a transformational leader except one, Jobs lacked the humane qualities necessary. Jobs’ could also be considered a charismatic leader. Steve’s exceptional ability to captivate his audience during a speech is the time his charisma can be clearly seen. Jobs could fit himself into whichever scenario necessary to reach his audience. Steve Jobs is such an exceptional businessman, leader, and innovator. I have enjoyed learning more about his leadership and his career. Jobs has made me realize that there is no cookie cutter style of leadership that one person can follow. I found it helpful to relate different leadership styles to an actual person. To have a detailed explanation about how the text about leadership changes into real life is useful. He has made me open my eyes to the possibility that no one leadership position is more effective than another. Jobs was not necessarily the warmest of bosses yet he was still able to find that personal connection with his customers. Steve Jobs was able to interest and excite the consumer to have his latest â€Å"miracle. † Not every leader is great at everything, even the best struggle with certain aspects of their leadership. For me, I can see how the lessons that I have learned in my research will apply in my future. I have learned not to ever give up, always keep your eyes focused on the goal ahead. No matter how big or small the project is, the end goal is the same; success. Steve Jobs’ ability to rise above disappointment or despair and move on with such drive to succeed is extraordinary. This drive has motivated me to want to strive for the same. Steve Jobs has given me the examples of leadership that shows that how a strong leader can revolutionize the world. Think of how many homes have Iphones, Ipads, Ipods, or any other Apple product in their home. The products have become the â€Å"norm† in many homes. What a feeling of accomplishment Steve Jobs’ must have felt. All of his hard work and ingenuity is shown in the excitement his customers show with his inventions. I would consider Steve Jobs to be one of the most effective leaders that I have had the pleasure of researching. Being able to overcome being pushed out of the company that he co-founded is unbelievable. Only to later come back to that company and be able to turn around the sinking company. What a display of true leadership Steve Jobs showed the country. Steve was able to show not only his fellow Apple employees but everyone in the world how drive and perseverance can inspire anyone to reach for the stars. References Bateman, . Snell, . (2009). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. : . Retrieved from, MGT330 website. Jobs, S. (2006, January 24). The leader-follower [Video file]. Retrieved from Subconscious Films website: http://www. subconsciousfilms. Kramer, D. (2010). david. kramer. wordpress. com. Retrieved from http://davidkramer. wordpress. com/2010/02/15/leadership-behaviours-and-attitudes-of-steve-jobs/ Steve Jobs Leadership Case Study. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. leadership-with-you. com/steve-jobs-leadership. html How to cite Steve Jobs Leadership, Papers

Essentials of Corporate Financial MGMT Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What are the important factors that should be considered by tertiary sector employees when they are deciding whether to place their Superannuation Contributions in the Defined Benefit Plan or the Investment Choice Plan? 2.If the Efficient-Market Hypothesis is true, the Pension fund Manager might as well select a portfolio with a pin. Explain why this is not the case. Answers: 1.Employees working in the tertiary sector are the employees who are involved in availing the services that is working in providing the services of the employment area. In the tertiary as well as in the service sector there are three types of sectors. In these sections it is required that the employees should make their own superannuation fund because they are not working under any employer (Arnold, 2013). There are two major plans which are related with the superannuation from which employees are required to make the decision of choosing the most appropriate one. These two plans are defined benefit plans or investment choice plan. Choosing these two plans it is required that certain set of factors should be taken into consideration. Further discussion will help in making appropriate decision regarding selection of the appropriate plan (Bacon, 2010). Defined Benefit Plan In defined plan the amount that will be received in the near future is being decided in the initial phases. Employees working in the tertiary sector or in the service sector have to make the decisions regarding the future amount that will be received at the time of the retirement. It is a plan in which the amount which is being specified is being paid by both the parties which are employers as well as employees (Aslan, 2015). The amount which is to be specified is being decided on the basis of the earnings of the salary, his age, and the tenure of employees for which he will work. It could be used as the tool for increasing the salary or the pay of the employees (Arnold, 2013). Defined benefit plan is one of the most common plans which is being used by the employers in which the pension of the employees is being calculated (Aslan, 2015). So as to calculate the pension of the employees there are three variables which are required to be undertaken by the employers, these three variable s are: Pensionable Service which is the number of the years for which the pension is required to be paid to the employee (Baker and Filbeck, 2013) Pensionable earnings which is the estimation of the amount which will be drawn by the employee at the time when he will retire Accrual interest which is the portion of the earning which will be received by the employee at the scheme selected. (Baker and Filbeck, 2013) The formula with the help of which accrual interest of an individual is being calculated is under the defined benefit plan is: Number of the year worked x Salary at the time of the retirement x Accrual rate (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009) With the help of the information gathered an analysis is being made that there are various factors on which the pension fund or the funds of the employees is dependent these factors are salary, number of the years of the services, and the accrual which belongs to the employee (Perry, 2011). This is a type of superannuation fund in which the employees can set the amount of the contribution in the funds and will be able to get the pension at the time of the superannuation according to the decisions made. Information related with all set of benefits could be provided to the employee at the time when the plan will be created. There are certain other set of taxes and the incentives which are being availed in the plan, hence it could be said that for tertiary sector employees defined benefit plan will be more suited (Rayman, 2013). Investment Choice Plan Investment choice plan is the plan in which the investments accounts will be opened with the investment companies and the amount of the investments could range from any amount. It is the plan in which the employer contribution and the employee contribution or any type of gain or the interest and the unit which is being earned during the period will be invested by both single and the multiple investments (PROJECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE., 2017). In this plan, employees have the power of choosing the option of making the changes in the investments which is based on certain set of factors. One of the major advantages attached with the investment choice plan is that employee has the freedom to manage the superannuation funds on the basis of their requirements. Investment choice plan also provides a support to the employee that in this employee can make the portfolio of the investment or make the assets in which they want to invest in (Rayman, 2013). Certain set of strategies could be adopte d so as to use the investment choice plan. Some of the examples of the investment funds are investment funds, secure funds, trustee funds and stable funds. There are certain set of factors which are to be taken into consideration by the tertiary sector employees in the selection of defined benefit plan and the investment choice plans these factors are as follows: Risk Profile: One of the major considerations that could be made and should be taken into consideration by the tertiary sector employees is the level of risk they can bear while making an investment (Reilly and Brown, 2012). Defined benefit plan is the plan which includes less risk ad a defined amount will be received at the time of maturity. On the other hand investment choice plan includes higher risk as the investment is dependent on the choice of the employees. High risk is involved in the investment choice place and the superannuation amount that is being received is high (Valentine and Scott, 2011). Inflation Rate: The rate at which the dearness of the cost increases with the increase in the rate of the inflations. In order to make appropriate set of decisions related with the investments it is necessary that the superannuation contributions should taken into consideration. Defined benefit plan is a long term plan in which inflation plays a very vital role (Westerlund and Narayan, 2013). As the defined benefit plan is a longer period plan so the value of the money declines in the same after each yea. Hence, more concentration is required from the side of employees in the defined benefit plan so as to ensure that the appropriate set of return could be received on the date of maturity. Investment Time Period Time period of investment is taken into consideration while choosing a plan for retirement contribution. Employees should decide the time period of investment whether it is for long time duration or short duration (Valentine and Scott, 2011). For shorter period of time, investment choice plan is also beneficial and on the other side defined benefits plan is only beneficial for providing large benefits in long term. As a result, investor should focus on the investment time period before choosing a plan (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2009). Financial objectives Every individual sets its own financial goal. There are various financial aspects related to the investment plan that must be focused upon before making a decision of investment (Bacon, 2010). If employees of tertiary sector have a goal to earn more revenue as well as also capable for taking risk then investment choice plan is for them. But if employees want to get pension income at moderate level on constant rate then in this situation defined benefit plan is beneficial. Problems associated with Time value of money concept Time value of money defines the conception based on decreasing the worth of money in the upcoming period of time. Time value of money plays an important role in choosing the plan for retirement contribution (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2009). Time value of money management is considered as difficult task and for that purpose both plans defined benefit plan and investment choice plan play their role accordingly. They both have their own procedure and treatment for managing the funds which helps in process of decision making of selecting retirement contribution. This concept is beneficial to calculate the nearby value of retirement contribution as well as an amount of pension which is to be received at the time of retirement or after it. Existing rate of inflation and current market trends are considered as a few factors that provide a proper support to the concept of time value of money in making decision (Shim, 2012). Time value of money is helpful in calculating the current value of contribution which is made for retirement and also calculate the amount which is to be received after the superannuation. Inflation rate can help in adjusting the contribution present value and pension amount that is to be received at superannuation period. In this concept, real cash flows problems associated with retirement contribution and amount which will receive has been taken into consideration (Peterson Drake and Fabozzi, 2009). Recommendation It is concluded on the basis of above clarification that between these two plans desired benefit and investment choice, the plan which should be selected for superannuation contribution is investment choice plan as it is most customised plan and involves high returns (Baxamusa, Mohanty and Rao, 2015). This plan is suggested to select because it is considered that this is highly flexible plan in respect to establishing retirement plan as well as cash inflows and outflows. One more reason to select investment choice plan is that the amount of pension in defined benefit plan is remain stable, not even increases but in investment choice plan there is a possibility of amount increment on the accordance with the situation of market (Cox, Lin, Tian and Yu, 2013). 2.Efficient market hypothesis In efficient market hypothesis, organizations stock price or commodity price reveal the relevant set of information about current financial status of the company. In another term, efficient market hypothesis is used to identify the stock and share prices of an organization with the help of collecting set of information regarding company. This is implied by efficient market hypothesis that the prices of stock or asset at always its fair value in which no one can get loss or profit in the market. The theory of efficient market hypothesis has been contrasting on availability of various factors which are responsible for setting the price of assets (Khan and Ikram, 2010). So, on that basis the selection of investment can be chosen with ease without putting any extra efforts or skills. In efficient market hypothesis, there is no any intimation about the information regarding past, market trends analysis, market conditions and market information has been taken to the price of asset or stock . In this hypothesis, the stock prices are stable or do not make any movement due to market trends (Karapinar, Zaif and Torun, 2012). Pension fund managers responsibility in managing the portfolio There is not much responsibility of fund manager in managing the portfolio as the prices of stock or assets remain same and do not change. In this hypothesis, the role of fund manager will be ended soon as there is no need to focus on any aspect. By this hypothesis, the pension fund manager role and importance will be diminished as there is no intimation of past market trends have been taken into. In investment choice plan, there is a task for the pension fund manager to update the plan as well as portfolio of the employees. But in efficient market hypothesis it is not necessary (Westerlund, Norkute and Narayan, 2014). It can be assumed by the above discussion that this type of theory as explained in efficient market hypothesis does not have any existence because there are various aspects that are taken into consideration during the time of investment for retirement (Valentine and Scott, 2011). This type of case does not exist into the market because there are various forces which are responsible to influence the price of stock or assets. As it is described that there is no need of hire fund manager for managing the portfolio because all investor would earn same amount of revenue in this type of situation (Shim, 2012). So as a result, it is assumed that efficient market hypothesis is not relevant theory and it does not exist in real market situation as well as in the market of investment. It is proven that efficient market theory is unproved and unclear (Westerlund, Norkute and Narayan, 2014). References Arnold, G., 2013.Essentials of corporate financial management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Aslan, H., 2015. Do Lending Relationships Affect Corporate Financial Policies?.Financial Management, 45(1), pp.141-173. Bacon, F., 2010.Corporate financial management. Acton, MA: Copley Custom Textbooks. Baker, H. and Filbeck, G., 2013.Portfolio theory and management. New York: Oxford University Press. Westerlund, J., Norkute, M. and Narayan, P., 2014. A Factor Analytical Approach to the Efficient Futures Market Hypothesis.Journal of Futures Markets, 35(4), pp.357-370. Westerlund, J. and Narayan, P., 2013. Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis in Conditionally Heteroskedastic Futures Markets.Journal of Futures Markets, 33(11), pp.1024-1045. Valentine, T. and Scott, C., 2011.Modern financial and investment planning. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Shim, J., 2012.Time value of money and fair value accounting. Kent: Global Professional Publishing Ltd. Reilly, F. and Brown, K., 2012.Investment analysis portfolio management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Rayman, R., 2013.Accounting Standards. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Project Management Institute, 2017.Standard for Portfolio Management. [S.l.]: Project Management Inst. Peterson Drake, P. and Fabozzi, F., 2009.Foundations and applications of the time value of money. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Perry, M., 2011.Business driven project portfolio management. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: J. Ross Pub. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T., 2009.Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Khan, A. and Ikram, S., 2010. Testing Semi-Strong Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis in Relation to the Impact of Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) Investments on Indian Capital Market.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, pp.373-379. Karapinar, A., Zaif, F. and Torun, S., 2012. Accounting Policies in the Extractive Industry: A Global and a Turkish Perspective.Australian Accounting Review, 22(1), pp.40-50. Cox, S., Lin, Y., Tian, R. and Yu, J., 2013. Managing Capital Market and Longevity Risks in a Defined Benefit Pension Plan.Journal of Risk and Insurance, 80(3), pp.585-620. Baxamusa, M., Mohanty, S. and Rao, R., 2015. Information Asymmetry about Investment Risk and Financing Choice.Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 42(7-8), pp.947-964.